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unusual or uncommon depending on the manning or staffing levels of the unit. It is why a Marine PFC can step-up into the role of a corporal, a corporal can fill a LCpl's position, a LCpl can fill a Sgt's position, a Sgt can fill a Lt's position, and on up the chain of command due to casualties or under manning levels. It is called the Order of Battle and followed by the US military and Western allies but not the Russians or former Eastern Bloc armies who operate top heavy or top down which explains why Russia has lost so many general officers in Ukraine, their lower ranks are incapable of assuming upward command during combat and suffering losses. He may have performed the duties of a CSM, no argument from me, but he was never promoted nor frocked as a CSM. Neither have I stated that he was incapable of mastering the required classes, he simply did not complete the class work required so he was not qualified to be officially promoted to the rank of CSM consequently, he was not qualified to merit the pay level for the rank. That is not to say that he was incapable of or could not perform the duties. Performing the duties does not get the executive officer (usually a major) the pay of a LtCol. if the squadron commanding officer is shot down. The XO assumes the duty until a new CO is brought in or he is promoted to LtCol. A captain or a 1stLt or the senior 2ndLt can be a CO if the situation is warranted. If an airline captain becomes incapacitated and the co-pilot continues the flight to the closest safe airport, he/she does not get captain's pay while he/she is acting as captain.